all people should obey just laws. but i would also say that an unjust law is no law at all. >> i say segregation now, segregation tomorrow, and segregation forever. >> america's not living up to the dream of liberty and justice for all. >> we are confronted primarily with a moral issue. >> we're willing to be beaten for democracy. >> open hostility towards the civil rights. >> black power! this is the wrong way!

♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ we talk about it here as separation of the races. customs and traditions that have been built up over the last hundred years that have proved

for the best interests of both, the colored and the white people. >> it was almost 100 years after the emancipation proclamation, and america is still rigidly and racially segregated. black people couldn't vote in the south. they couldn't even go into the public libraries. the public libraries were segregated. the churches were segregated. ♪ >> martin luther king was immensely frustrated by the end of the 1950s because he had become famous, he's preaching all over the country, he knows that's his gift. but he says, people cry at my sermons, and the next morning it's still segregated. >> martin king called about 50 ministers from across the south to start a non-violent movement. the understanding of teaching non-violence was clear, but

there wasn't anybody that could teach it like jim lawson. >> martin king said come to nashville now, we need you now. so i went to nashville and organized other people. >> you talk about the civil rights movement in the '60s. people talk about selma, birmingham, confront. but the incubator of it is nashville, tennessee, where james lawson started teaching his classes on nonviolence. teaching people like john lewis, james bev. limit, diane nash, how to not swing back if somebody hits you in the head with a nightstick. >> we actually practiced sitting in. some took the role of students who were sitting at a lunch counter and others took the role of white thugs. we were practicing how to remain non-violent even in the face of violence. >> it was on february the 13th.

and we had the very first sit-in in nashville. >> the students sit down at the lunch counter asking to be served, knowing full well that it's against the law. >> the new tactic came as a surprise, creating bewilderment and confusion in the white communities, and even among the negroes themselves. >> i think on this point you would have to agree with me that all people should obey just laws. by i would also say that an unjust law is no law at all, and when we find an unjust law, i

think we have a moral obligation to take a stand against it. >> during the weeks after the sit ins began, oppositions solidified. >> a man came out and said there was a much of colored boys and girls on the stools and the counters. i instructed the men who place them under arrest. >> on february 27th, '80 nashville students were arrested of over 300 that were par mi participating in the sit ins. they were faced with a fine or spending a month in skral, each of them chose jail. >> i felt free. i felt liberated. i felt like i had crossed over.

>> nashville became the first major city in the south to permit whites and negros to eat together in public places. >> a remarkable group that they brought together in nashville. >> we all applauded, and here was the situation that turned out right. >> they were extremely pleased with the emergence of the sit in movement in early 1960. there were sit ins in atlanta where dr. king is living. king gets arrested. he is kept in jail when everyone else is released. >> and that's when it got involved in the presidential campaign. >> john kennedy calls mrs. king to express his concern. very unexpected public gesture. >> the next thing we knew, king

had gone public and had said, i was against having a catholic for president, but if he can wipe the tears from my daughter-in-law's eyes, i have the courage to vote for kennedy for president, and i have a suitcase full of votes. >> it turned out that that phone call was given credit for kennedy's victory in one of the closest elections in modern history. king said, i hope that at last we have a president with the intelligence to understand that problem. i'm convinced that he has that understanding, and now we'll have to see what his passion leads him to do. believe it. at&t and directv are now one.

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>> brave blacks and whites rode into the deep south together on greyhound and trailways buses to challenge segregation as freedom riders. >> the freedom rides started with two buses, 13 people going from washington d.c. to new orleans. >> the concept of the freedom rides was to show that desegregation laws were not being enforced in the south. >> people are buying tickets from town to town and going to waiting rooms, restrooms which are traditional segregated. they are trying to provoke them into acts of violence. that's what they have done. >> they dragged about six of the

passengers out, both negro and white and took them have corridors and began hitting them with led pipes. they knocked a white man down at my feet and beat him and kicked him until his face was a bloody, yesterday pulp. >> the nashville movement decided that we had to take up the freedom ride where it had left off. >> when the bus fell down to the montgomery station, john lewis could see hundreds of whites headed toward him with bricks, rocks, baseball bats. >> an angry mob came out of nowhere and started beating the freedom riders. was beaten, left lying in a pool of blood. >> before police finally broke up the crowd with tear gas, they beat and injured at least 20

persons. >> the freedom riders essentially become rapted. the church was surrounded, and people were setting fire to cars. >> dr. king had gone over to montgomery from atlanta, and so king, too, along with the riders is trapped at this church. >> martin luther king junior placed a call to robert kennedy and said to the attorney general, something must be done. president kennedy called out the united states and placed the city you should marshal law. >> the city is now under marshal law and troops are on their way into montgomery. >> finally, with federal intervention, the freedom riders were put on a bus and headed to jackson.

we pulled into jackson. the wagon was waiting for us. >> the kennedy administration makes a deal whereby the mississippi police units agree that there will be no violence, but the trade off is that every freedom rider arriving in jackson immediately will be arrested. >> the freedom riders included james bevel, john lewis, james lawson, among others who were sent to a state penitentiary. >> this attempt to stop the freedom rides only served to fuel the flames of the civil rights movement. >> i'd like to see the hands of those of you who will be willing to continue the freedom ride in

the near future. a show of hands, please. >> freedom ride after freedom ride would come through. they'd get arrested in jax yrngs go to the jail and then get moved to the penitentiary. >> during the time they spent in prison, a bond formed, and they came out of prison more dedicated than ever. and i begthey began to fan out across the south. martin luther king decided that they should have major demonstrations only in areas that local law enforcement would react violently. >> do you think you can keep birmingham in the present situation of segregation in. >> i may not be able to do it, but i'll die trying. >> bull connor as a well known identity as one of the hardest

hard liner in defense of segregation. >> king, assuming that bull connor is going to provide the pictures and the footage they need to outrage the country. >> the safety commissioner, bull connor, uses fire hoses and police dogs to break up the demonstrations. >> the demonstrations continued for weeks. you got 12, 14, 20 adults maximum per pay marching. they're making no news and numbers with dwindling. the movement was on the brink of extinction wen bevel comes along and says i have plenty of teenagers in my youth workshops who are willing to go to jail. >> there's an understandable reluctance on king's part of organizing students to get arrested when their parents are going to be furious for putting their children in the line of fire. >> finally, it's king who makes the decision to send the children into the streets.

>> will you use the hoses and dogs? >> we will use the dogs if you draw flooifs. we will use the hose if it's necessary to stop them off. >> of course, what he was doing was exactly what the head of the civil rights movement in birmingham wanted him to do. to create the theater that would show how bad things were in birmingham. >> demonstrators attacked with water hoses were as young as six, eight, nine years old. >> birmingham was a crucible in

which the soul of the nation was being forged. >> the negro drive for equally gathered molt mentum this week. still another court, removed the strongly segregationist city of birmingham dominated by bull connor. >> all i can say is that i have enjoyed by 2 2 years as safety commission of the city of birmingham. i don't believe i owe the taxpayers of birmingham anything. they're going to owe me. almost two and a half years back pay. >> these will stories that help to support the white citizen's counsel. >> the nbc network affiliate was notorious for feature segregation speeches. >> they agreed to allow edgars

to go on television and make a statement about the goals of the movement. >> you know this black son of a that's on television. no more than 17 minutes, they'd better get his black ass off. this is below the mason dixon line. >> so many white mississippi people it was an outrage. that's the first time a black man had ever been allowed to appear on television in mississippi. certainly to argue against segregation. it made him, in some ways, a kind of marked way in mississippi. >> we'll be demonstrating until freedom m comes to negros in jackson, mississippi.

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our guest today on "meet the press" is governor george c. wallace of alabama. his state is the only one in the country today whose schools are completely segregated. next week the issue heads for a climax when two negro students will seek to enroll at the university of alabama. governor wallace has been quoted as saying he will personally bar their entrance despite a federal court order and a threat of federal troops. >> can they be enrolled? >> we'll just have to wait and see exactly what transpires on that occasion. >> at the center of this potential storm are two young negro students. he's 20 and made the national honor society when she atepided a segregated high school in mobile, alabama.

>> he's 20 and was president after his class and president of the student council. >> well, i feel like it won't be as much trouble as it has been on other campuses, but it will be bad news when the ni dp ger comes in. >> does the government plan to use federal marshals if he does go through with his intention to prevent the students from entering? >> there's opposition to federal marshals and federal troops, and i would be reluctant to see us reach that point. >> government wallace has ordered 500 guards men. at the moment they're under his control. it would require hardly more than the pen to place them at the disposal of president kennedy. >> national guard units are commanded by a government unless their federal laws and the president becomes their commander and chief.

kennedy had to make the decision of what to do nec. >> president kennedy has done some significant things in civil rights. at the same time, i must say that president kennedy hasn't done enough, and we must remind him that we elected him. >> under a sun that has the temperature near 100 degrees, the waiting continues. the governor's confrontation at the university of alabama is believed to be only a short time away. the two negros reportedly are on their way to the campus. governor wallace reportedly about to make his appearance on campus.

>> coming into it, nobody knows what's going to happen. the justice department doesn't know what wallace is going to do. wallace doesn't know whether he's going to be put in jail. >> as governor of the state of alabama, i deem it to be my duty to stand before you representing the rights and sovereignty of this state and its peoples. and now for my duties and my responsibilities under the constitution of united states, the constitution of the state of alabama and seeking to maintain the peace and dignity of this state, and the individual freedoms of the citizens thereof, do hereby denounce and forbid this illegal and unwarranted action by the central government. >> governor, i'm not interested in the show. i don't know what the purpose of the show is. i am interested in the courts being enforced.

that is my only responsibility. the choice is yours. i would ask you to step aside. >> the justice department says the negro students will be enrolled sometime today. >> after ole miss, the kennedys learned their lesson about negotiating with the southern governor. kennedy decides he's not going to play games anymore. >> governor wallace moved away from the door and has left after being confronted with about 150 national guardsmen. >> now all smiles as the two negro students are to enter the registration building. >> each time that the issue came up, the president and the attorney general did everything

they could not to have to get involved and it was after the encounter with wallace at the civil rights -- that civil rights became top priority. >> difficulties in discrimination exist in every city, in every state of the union, but law alone cannot make men see right. we are confronted primarily with a moral issue. it is as old as the scriptures and as clear as the american constitution. >> that was the first time that the president made the question of ending racial segregation not because it's politically expedient to do so, because it is morally right to do so. >> next week, i shall ask the congress of the united states to act, to make a commitment that is not fully made in this century to the proposition that race has no place in american life or law.

>> it's his most eloquent in some ways, most heart felt speech. >> and this nation, for all its hopes will not be fully free until all its citizens are free. >> there's a kind of bitter irony in that, within hours afterwards, medgar evers comes home and his wife and children are up because they want to tell him about the president's wonderful speech. >> certainly after midnight, medgar evers steps in his car in this driveway, then evers was murdered. >> it was appalling and cowardly. ambushed him at his home in front of his wife and children who said something about how faf we still had to go in reaching a semblance of social injustice. hy california walnuts.

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>> we are going to washington to urge the congress to pass strong civil rights legislation this year. >> the nationwide response to the power of alabama supplies the energy that allows the march on washington to start coming together. >> we will keep this

demonstration nonviolent. it will be peaceful. it will be dignified and discipline, and i think it will have a great impact. >> the white house, the washington police department, the defense department, were all drawing up these tremendous contingency plans for mass violence. >> they came from all over america, negros and whites, housewives and hollywood stars, more than 2 00,000 of them came to washington this morning in a climax to a struggle for equal rights. ? as a struggle and as a participant in a national movement, i was ready to go. i wanted to push. i wanted us to stand up and speak up. and speak out. >> locked up in jail over and

over again and then you holler be patient. how long can we be patient? we want our freedom, and we want it now. >> the speech of martin luther king junior. on that day dr. king spoke out of his soul, and he used that day and the steps of the linking memorial to preach a sermon not just to america but to the world. >> i have a dream my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. i have a dream. let freedom ring from every hill and mole hill of mississippi, from every mountain side. let freedom ring.

when we allow freedom to ring. when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day when all of god's children, black men and white men, jews and gentiles, protestants and catholics will be able to join hands and sing free at last, free at last, thank god almighty, we are free at last. ♪ >> i don't think they quite anticipated just how successful it would be. it represents the civil rights movement at a kind of high water mark. >> in the immediate wake of the

march on washington, the civil rights movement has a national glow to it. it never before had had it. but that glow tragically lasts hardly two weeks. >> the bombing of this birmingham, alabama church claimed the lives of four little girls attending sunday school. >> we felt like we were involved, because if there had been no movement, chances are that bombing would not have taken place. >> the white house press secretary, has just announced that president kennedy died at approximately 1:00 central standard time, which was about 35 minutes ago after being shot by an unknown assailant during a

motorcade drive through downtown dallas. >> no memorial oration or eulogy could more eloquently honor president kennedy's memory than the earliest passage of the civil rights bill for which he fought so long. >> johnson gets that civil rights bill moving in the first few weeks after kennedy's assassination. >> lbj and his allies knew that they were short, so, thus, began a 24/7 campaign. he bullied, made deals, in order to get enough senators on board. >> surprisingly, after a year on

capitol hill, this bill is stronger than the one president kennedy first requested. president johnson should have the bill on his desk by the fourth of july. >> there are some mystery and some fear concerning three civil rights workers, two whites in new york city and a negro from mississippi. they arrested the men for speeding but released them after they posted bond. they've not been heard from since. >> mr. president, i wanted to let you know we have found the car. now, this is not known, nobody knows this at all, but the car was burned, and we do not know, yet, whether any bodies are inside of the car because of the intense heat. >> we can understand without rancor or hatred how this all happened.

but it cannot continue. our constitution, the foundation of our republican, forbids it. the principles of our freedom forbid it. and the law i will sign tonight forbids it. [ applause ] ♪ >> the civil rights act of 1964 is not going to create instant brotherhood. nobody pretends that. the attorney general gets the ability to bring lawsuits in education. >> three civil rights workers disappear. only one clue, the burned out car in which they were last seen riding. there is little hope they're still alive.

>> they were found shot to death in a grave at the base of dam six miles from the city of philadelphia. >> no one's fallen on the trigger. i'm tired of that. don't fall down anymore. hold your heads up. we want our freedom now. i don't have to go to another no more. i have children.

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>> today marks the beginning of

a determined, organized, mobilized campaign. to get the right to vote all over this state. >> king chooses selma because it has the worst record of any southern city on black voting. >> the dallas county sheriff, jim clarke, was an even tougher version of birmingham's bull connor. >> this courthouse belongs to the people of dallas county, and these are the people of dallas county, and they've come to register. and you know this within your heart. ? clarke knew what he wanted to do to me, he couldn't do it in the open because of all the cameras,

right? >> get out in front of the camera. go on. >> facing your giants. we're willing to be beaten for democracy, and you use abuse incomes in the street. you beat people so they won't have the privilege to vote. >> i'm here to tell you tonight that the mayor of this city, the police commissioner of this city, and everybody in the white power structure of this city must take a responsibility by everything that they do. >> we are marching today to dramatize to the nation and the

world, that hundreds and thousands of citizens, particularly here in the blightville area are denied the right to vote. >> opposing the protesters was a force of alabama state troopers, sheriff clarke, and the clarke's so-called posse men. >> i thought we were going to be arrested. the major said troopers advance. ♪ >> i was hit in the head by a trooper with a night stick. i thought i saw death. i thought i was going to die. >> sheriff clarke and his volunteer army, the posse men, sent 80 men, women, and children into the hospital. >> in our country, we don't

tolerate police by terror taking the law into their own hands. this is unacceptable. i believe the time has come for the president to step in. >> it's created a political ground swell for lyndon johnson to quickly, and this time, without nearly as much opposition as the civil rights act of '64. to push through the voting rights act of 1965. >> their cause must be our cause too. because it's not just negros, but, really, it's all of us who must overcome the crippling legacy of bigotry and injustice, and we shall overcome. >> dr. king decided that the

only proper response to this was to continue the march to montgomery, and a court order forced the state of alabama to permit said march. ♪ >> all the world today knows that we are here, and we are standing before the people of power in the state of alabama saying we ain't going to let nobody turn us around. i come to say to you this afternoon, however difficult it is, however frustrating the hour, it will not be long. if those two press on, we'll rise on. how long? not long. because no lie can live forever.

how long? not long. because the universal is lost, but it's -- how long? not long. because mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the lord. glory, halleluiah. glory, halleluiah, glory, halleluiah. glory, halleluiah. the truth is marching on. so get ready to laugh here and cry here. scream over here and freak out over there! and maybe go back to laughing here. and crying there. try not to laugh here though, it's rude. and maybe don't cry here, people will get the wrong idea. get the best of both worlds. directv at home and 2 wireless lines. from directv and at&t.

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>> in the summer of '65, johnson gets that voting rights bill passed. >> certainly '64 civil rights act led to dramatic changes, but politically, the short run, the voting rights act was more dramatic. quickly after that, things start to fall apart. >> i'm going to say, first, that this march gives nonviolence, it is a nonviolent expression of our determination to be free. this is a principle of the march, and certainly, we intend to keep this march nonviolent. >> mr. car michael, are you as committed to the nonviolent approach? >> i'm not. i don't see it as a way of life.

i also realize no one in the country is asking the white community in the south to be nonviolent. that's giving them a free license to shoot us at will. >> king was rapidly being eclipsed by a younger and much more militant faction of the black power movement. >> we are not going to let these white people come into our neighborhoods and kill us. we're going to put every cracker in atlanta on his knees. >> there was a lot of disdent because the only thing that really kept the black community together, ironically, was segregation. once that has been overcome, then the question is what do you want? >> i would like for all of us to believe in nonviolence, but i'm here to say tonight, that if every negro in the united states turns against nonviolence, i will stand up as a lone force

and say this is the wrong way. >> martin luther king junior was killed tonight in memphis, tennessee. shot in the face as we stood in the balcony of his hotel room. >> martin. gone. and the main part of everything was over. and we knew that the movement would never be the movement as it was. but then the things we had lived in, fought for, was won. >> i just want to do god's will. and he's allowed me to go up to the mountain, and i've looked

over, and i've seen the promised land. i mean, i'll get there with you, but i want you to know tonight that we, as a people, will get to the promised land. so i'm happy tonight. i'm not worried about anything. i'm not fearing any man. mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the lord. >> we had to give everything we had to the movement. we accepted a way of peace as a way of life. nonviolence as a way of life, as a way of living. >> we forged an agenda in the mind of the country. the movement begins with

montgomery becomes the sit-in campaign, the freedom ride, the birmingham campaign, the mississippi summer, the selma to montgomery march. >> history will record that those singular cumulative acts of courage transformed the summer. transformed the country. >> we wanted to change the world, make america better, not just for our generation but for generations who weren't yet born. >> all the civil rights, all the marchings, all the people who have tied in the civil rights struggle will have died in vein if once the opportunity, once the doors are opened, no one is prepared for it. >> i know there's got to be several young people here who

are, like five years old. it's now becoming a possibility that that young man, by the time he's 50 could be running for the president of the united states. the communists seem to be putting us on the defensive on a number of fronts. >> we are behind and i'm sure they're making a concentrated effort to stay ahead. >> we may get beaten more. there are no quick, cheap or easy victories in this game. >> we are aware of the international implications of the project but we're not in this for the race aspects. >> rockets for the lunar trip that will make this one seem puny already are being built. >> the first strides towards the stars were not without tragic setbacks. >> you're aware of the risks. >> we accept the risks. what risks there are. >> we choose to go to the moon